See swartēn in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "sweartian"
},
"expansion": "Old English: sweartian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: sweartian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "swarten"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: swarten",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: swarten"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "swart"
},
"expansion": "English: swart",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: swart"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*swartia"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *swartia",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: *swartia"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "swartsje"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: swartsje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: swartsje"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*swarton"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *swarton\nMiddle Dutch: swarten\nDutch: zwarten",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *swarton\nMiddle Dutch: swarten\nDutch: zwarten"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "swarzēn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: swarzēn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: swarzēn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "swarzen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: swarzen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: swarzen"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "irswarzēn",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old High German: irswarzēn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old High German: irswarzēn"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*swart",
"3": "*-ēn",
"id2": "stative-fientive",
"t1": "black"
},
"expansion": "*swart (“black”) + *-ēn",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *swart (“black”) + *-ēn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "swartē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swartē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swartē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?d",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*swartēn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/swartēn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ēn (stative-fientive)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "swartijan"
},
{
"word": "swartōn"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to become black, blacken"
],
"id": "en-swartēn-gmw-pro-verb-rjBIL-vV",
"links": [
[
"black",
"black"
],
[
"blacken",
"blacken"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "swartēn"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "swartijan"
},
{
"word": "swartōn"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "sweartian"
},
"expansion": "Old English: sweartian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: sweartian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "swarten"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: swarten",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: swarten"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "swart"
},
"expansion": "English: swart",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: swart"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*swartia"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *swartia",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: *swartia"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "swartsje"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: swartsje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: swartsje"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*swarton"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *swarton\nMiddle Dutch: swarten\nDutch: zwarten",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *swarton\nMiddle Dutch: swarten\nDutch: zwarten"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "swarzēn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: swarzēn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: swarzēn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "swarzen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: swarzen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: swarzen"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "irswarzēn",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old High German: irswarzēn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old High German: irswarzēn"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*swart",
"3": "*-ēn",
"id2": "stative-fientive",
"t1": "black"
},
"expansion": "*swart (“black”) + *-ēn",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *swart (“black”) + *-ēn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "swartē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swartē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?dīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "swartē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "swartēndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "swart?d",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*swartēn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/swartēn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic class 3 weak verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ēn (stative-fientive)",
"Proto-West Germanic verbs",
"gmw-pro:Colors"
],
"glosses": [
"to become black, blacken"
],
"links": [
[
"black",
"black"
],
[
"blacken",
"blacken"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "swartēn"
}
Download raw JSONL data for swartēn meaning in Proto-West Germanic (5.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.